Stacey Newbern Dammann, EdD, and Josh DeSantis
For many professors, student assessment is
one of the most labor-intensive components of teaching a class. Items
must be prepared, rubrics created, and instructions written. The work
continues as the tests are scored, papers read, and comments shared.
Performing authentic and meaningful student assessment takes time.
Consequently, some professors construct relatively few assessments for
their courses.
Unfortunately, this practice limits
professors’ ability to reliably assess student learning. If a course
grade is a mosaic, then each assessment is a tile. A mosaic with just a
few tiles only presents a part of the picture. Professors can improve
the quality of their assessment mosaic by increasing the number of
performances they assess. These smaller and more frequently administered
snapshots of student learning are frequently termed formative
assessments. The integration of frequent formative assessments improves
the validity of course assessment and has been demonstrated to have a
variety of benefits, including improving student achievement and helping
students develop more agency over their own learning (Nicol &
Macfarlane-Dick, 2006). By providing more numerous and authentic
measurements of student thinking, professors can improve the fidelity of
their assessment mosaic and the reliability of their assessments of
student learning.
The proliferation of mobile devices and the
adoption of learning applications in higher education simplifies
formative assessment. Professors can, for example, quickly create a
multi-modal performance that requires students to write, draw, read, and
watch video within the same assessment. Other tools allow for automatic
grade responses, question-embedded documents, and video-based
discussion. In addition to simplifying formative assessment, the use of
these tools has been shown to amplify student engagement (Hwang &
Chang, 2011).
Emerging tools and approaches open new
opportunities for professors to gather more frequent and more authentic
formative assessment data. This, in turn, can help students learn the
course material and can help professors to tailor their instruction to
meet the needs of their students.
Formative Assessment Tools to Consider
There are hundreds of formative assessment
tools available. Many, however, perform similar functions. You can
narrow your search by considering what approach would work best in your
teaching context then identifying a tool you can integrate into your
practice. If you are a novice, start small and aim for a win. Choose a
course for which you would like to improve the quality of your
assessment then select one technology tool to get started with.
- Multi-Modal Assessments – Several applications allow professors to create multiple-choice and open-ended items that are distributed digitally and assessed automatically. Student responses can be viewed instantaneously and downloaded to a spreadsheet for later use. Examples of these tools include Socrative (socrative.com) and Poll Everywhere (www.pollev.com). Some tools in this category have unique capabilities. Formative (www.goformative.com) allows professors to upload charts or graphic organizers that students can draw on with a stylus. Formative also allows professors to upload document “worksheets” which can then be augmented with multiple-choice and open-ended questions. Nearpod (www.nearpod.com) allows professors to upload their digital presentations and create digital quizzes to accompany them. Nearpod also allows professors to share three-dimensional field trips and models to help communicate ideas.
- Video-Based Assessments – Question-embedded videos are an outstanding way to improve student engagement in blended or flipped instructional contexts. Professors may upload their own videos and screen-capture files, or use pre-existing streaming video from YouTube. Once uploaded, videos may be embedded with multiple-choice or short answer items. Using these tools allows professors to identify if the videos they use or create are being viewed by students. EdPuzzle (edpuzzle.com) and Playposit (www.playposit.com) are two leaders in this application category. A second type of video-based assessment allows professors to sustain discussion-board like conversation with brief videos. Flipgrid (www.flipgrid.com), for example, allows professors to posit a video question to which students may respond with their own video responses.
- Quizzing Assessments – Finally, tools that utilize close-ended questions that provide a quick check of student understanding are also available. Quizizz (quizizz.com) and Kahoot (www.kahoot.com) are relatively quick and convenient to use as a wrap up to instruction or a review of concepts taught. Quizizz works on any device with a browser and features specific apps for iOS and Chrome. Kahoot also has specific apps for iOS, Android, and Windows devices. Kahoot now features a team function and the ability to adjust the time limit for questions. Themes, memes, and avatars are available to choose so professors need only focus on the content of the assessment. Ten to 20 questions are easily administered in both tools; although longer assessments tend to lessen student engagement. Both multiple choice and true/false question format work well with either tool. These provide a fast-paced formative assessment that can address fact-based knowledge as well as higher order thinking.
Considerations
It is important to ensure that your
integration of technology is aligned to sound formative assessment
design. Formative assessment is most valuable when it addresses student
understanding, progress toward competencies or standards, and indicates
concepts that need further attention for mastery. Additionally,
formative assessment provides the instructor with valuable information
on gaps in their students’ learning which can imply instructional
changes or additional coverage of key concepts. The use of tech tools
can make the creation, administration, and grading of formative
assessment more efficient and can enhance reliability of assessments
when used consistently in the classroom. Selecting one that effectively
addresses your assessment needs and enhances your teaching style is
critical. Moreover, it is important that you determine if the tools you
select are compliant with your institution’s accessibility and student
privacy policies.
Summary
Using tech tools to support assessment can
enhance the assessment mosaic of nearly every course. These
tech-enhanced formative assessments produce actionable data that can
help students learn more efficiently (Yorke, 2003). The design and
function of the applications introduced in this article provide a
starting point to enhancing your course assessment. The wide array of
tech tools available allow professors to select one that match teaching
styles and assessment needs. The promise of real-time assessment
information and the convenience of collecting data digitally make
emerging technologies a great place to advance your teaching practice.
References
Hwang, G. J., & Chang, H. F. (2011). A
formative assessment-based mobile learning approach to improving the
learning attitudes and achievements of students. Computers & Education, 56(4), 1023-1031.
Nicol, D. J., & Macfarlane‐Dick, D.
(2006). Formative assessment and self‐regulated learning: A model and
seven principles of good feedback practice. Studies in Higher Education, 31(2), 199-218.
Yorke, M. (2003). Formative assessment in higher education: Moves towards theory and the enhancement of pedagogic practice. Higher education, 45(4), 477-501.
Stacey Newbern Dammann, associate
professor and chair, Department of Education, York College of
Pennsylvania. Josh DeSantis, assistant professor of education, director
of Masters of Education Program, York College of Pennsylvania.
