How to use the nominal group and Delphi techniques
Abstract
Introduction
The Nominal Group Technique (NGT) and Delphi Technique are consensus
methods used in research that is directed at problem-solving,
idea-generation, or determining priorities. While consensus methods are
commonly used in health services literature, few studies in pharmacy
practice use these methods. This paper provides an overview of the NGT
and Delphi technique, including the steps involved and the types of
research questions best suited to each method, with examples from the
pharmacy literature. Methodology The NGT entails face-to-face
discussion in small groups, and provides a prompt result for
researchers. The classic NGT involves four key stages: silent
generation, round robin, clarification and voting (ranking). Variations
have occurred in relation to generating ideas, and how ‘consensus’ is
obtained from participants. The Delphi technique uses a multistage
self-completed questionnaire with individual feedback, to determine
consensus from a larger group of ‘experts.’ Questionnaires have been
mailed, or more recently, e-mailed to participants. When to use
The NGT has been used to explore consumer and stakeholder views, while
the Delphi technique is commonly used to develop guidelines with health
professionals. Method choice is influenced by various factors, including
the research question, the perception of consensus required, and
associated practicalities such as time and geography. Limitations
The NGT requires participants to personally attend a meeting. This may
prove difficult to organise and geography may limit attendance. The
Delphi technique can take weeks or months to conclude, especially if
multiple rounds are required, and may be complex for lay people to
complete.
Keywords: Consensus methods, Delphi technique, Nominal group technique
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